Dr. Andreas Schleicher in the video mentioned that scientific knowledge should have three elements, namely content knowledge or knowledge of the content of Science, procedural knowledge or knowledge of the procedures that scientists use to establish scientific knowledge, and epistemic knowledge or understanding the process of knowledge building in science. 

Let us understand through an example of riding a bicycle. 

Content knowledge – The material you read or gather on how to ride a bike, the function of the parts of the bike, and the facts, information, and theories you gather on riding a bicycle. 

Procedural knowledge – The time you actually practice on your bike where you try to put into action the content knowledge i.e. what you have read, heard, or observed. You gain expertise in the process of riding a bike only through experience. 

Epistemic - You now have gained an understanding of how the theory of riding a bicycle translated into establishing the process of riding one. Do you reflect on how we acquired scientific knowledge about riding the bicycle? How did we test the theories? Were these theories justified by observations alone, or do other factors like experimentation, and experience play a role?

Our students will need all three types of knowledge to develop their competencies and we need to create lessons where they have access to knowledge within a range of personal, local, national, and global contexts.